Mitral valve inversion prostheses

ABSTRACT

Systems, devices and methods for resizing a valve annulus are described. An implant is delivered proximate a mitral valve, the implant comprising a tubular body and a plurality of piercing helical anchors, the tubular body comprising an proximal diameter and a distal diameter. Tissue proximate the mitral valve is engaged by rotating the plurality of anchors with corresponding rotational drivers. The tubular body may be transitioned from a first structural configuration having the proximal diameter smaller than the distal diameter to a second structural configuration having the proximal diameter larger than the distal diameter.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation-in-Part Application of U.S.application Ser. No. 14/427,909, filed on Mar. 12, 2015, which is a U.S.National Phase Application of PCT International Application NumberPCT/US2013/059751, filed on Sep. 13, 2013, designating the United Statesof America and published in the English language, which is anInternational Application of and claims the benefit of priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/700,989, filed on Sep. 14, 2012. Each ofthe above-referenced applications are hereby expressly incorporated byreference in their entireties for all purposes and form a part of thisspecification. Any and all priority claims identified in the ApplicationData Sheet, or any correction thereto, are hereby incorporated byreference under 37 C.F.R. §1.57.

BACKGROUND

A. Field

This disclosure relates generally to cardiac treatment devices andtechniques, and in particular, to methods and devices for repair ofmitral valve defects such as mitral valve regurgitation.

B. Background of Related Art

The mitral valve is one of four heart valves that direct blood throughthe two sides of the heart. The mitral valve itself consists of twoleaflets, an anterior leaflet and a posterior leaflet, each of which arepassive in that the leaflets open and close in response to pressureplaced on the leaflets by the pumping of the heart.

Among the problems that can develop or occur with respect to the mitralvalve is mitral valve regurgitation (MR), in which the mitral valveleaflets become unable to close properly, thus causing leakage of themitral valve. Severe mitral regurgitation is a serious problem that, ifleft untreated, can adversely affect cardiac function and thuscompromise a patient's quality of life and life span.

Currently, mitral regurgitation is diagnosed by many indicators, and themechanism of mitral regurgitation can be accurately visualized bytrans-esophageal echocardiography or fluoroscopy with dye injection. Themost prevalent and widely accepted current technique to correct mitralregurgitation is to repair the mitral valve via open-heart surgery whilea patient's heart is stopped and the patient is on cardiopulmonarybypass, a highly invasive procedure that has inherent risks.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, a method is described comprising inserting an implantproximate a mitral valve, the implant comprising a tubular body and aplurality of piercing members, the tubular body comprising an upper(i.e. proximal) diameter and a lower (i.e. distal) diameter. The methodalso includes engaging tissue proximate the mitral valve by theplurality of piercing members and transitioning the tubular body from afirst structural configuration to a second structural configuration byapplication of an expansive force to the tubular body proximate theupper diameter, the first structural configuration having the upperdiameter smaller than the lower diameter and the second structuralconfiguration having the upper diameter larger than the lower diameter.

In another aspect, an implant is described comprising a tubular bodycomprising an upper diameter and a lower diameter, the tubular bodyhaving a first structural configuration in which the upper diameter issmaller than the lower diameter and a second structural configuration inwhich the upper diameter is larger than the lower diameter, the tubularbody configured to transition from the first structural configuration tothe second structural configuration by application of an expansive forceto the tubular body proximate the upper diameter. The implant alsocomprises a plurality of piercing members connected to the tubular bodyand proximate the lower diameter to engage tissue proximate a mitralvalve.

In another aspect, a system is described comprising a guide wire, asheath over the guide wire, and an implant for delivery to a body bytraveling through the sheath and along the guide wire. The implantcomprises a tubular body comprising an upper diameter and a lowerdiameter, the tubular body having a first structural configuration inwhich the upper diameter is smaller than the lower diameter and a secondstructural configuration in which the upper diameter is larger than thelower diameter, the tubular body configured to transition from the firststructural configuration to the second structural configuration byapplication of an expansive force to the tubular body proximate theupper diameter. The implant also comprises a plurality of barbsconnected to the tubular body and proximate the lower diameter topenetrate tissue proximate a mitral valve.

In another aspect, a delivery system for delivering an implant withinthe heart for reducing the size of a heart valve annulus is described.The delivery system comprises a plurality of rotatable drivers and theimplant. The plurality of rotatable drivers is configured to extendthrough one or more lumens of the delivery system. The implant isconfigured for delivery within the heart by traveling through the one ormore lumens of the delivery system. The implant comprises a tubular bodyand a plurality of helical anchors. The tubular body comprises a framedefining a proximal diameter and a distal diameter. The tubular body hasa first structural configuration in which the proximal diameter issmaller than the distal diameter and a second structural configurationin which the proximal diameter is larger than the distal diameter. Theplurality of helical anchors are connected to the tubular body proximatethe distal diameter of the frame. The plurality of helical anchors areconfigured to be rotated by the rotatable driver to advance theplurality of helical anchors distally relative to the frame andpenetrate the heart valve annulus.

In some embodiments of the delivery system, the implant may furthercomprise a series of distal apices and a series of holes. The series ofdistal apices may be formed by the frame proximate the distal diameter.The series of holes may be in each of the distal apices and are sizedand spaced to receive therethrough a corresponding helical anchor forrotational engagement of the distal apex by the corresponding helicalanchor. The plurality of rotatable drivers and the implant may beconfigured for transcatheter delivery of the implant to the heart. Thedelivery system may further comprise a delivery catheter comprising theone or more lumens of the delivery system. A distal end of the deliverycatheter may be configured to advance through an opening in the femoralvein, through the femoral vein and into the right atrium of the heart,and through the septum of the heart into the left atrium. The deliverysystem may further comprise a location ring configured to be located ona side of the heart valve opposite the implant and to couple with theimplant. The location ring may be separate from the implant andconfigured to be located on a side of the heart valve opposite theimplant to assist in positioning the implant. The location ring may beconfigured to be removed from the heart after the implant is positionedand the plurality of helical anchors penetrate the heart valve annulus.The delivery system may comprise one lumen configured to receivetherethorugh an intracardiac echo catheter for visualizing a position ofthe implant relative to the mitral valve annulus. The delivery systemmay further comprise the intracardiac echo catheter. The implant mayfurther comprise an expandable tubular member coupled with a proximalend of the frame and configured to expand to increase the proximaldiameter of the frame. The expandable tubular member may be integralwith the frame.

In another aspect, an implant for reducing the size of a heart valveannulus is described. The implant comprises a tubular body and aplurality of helical anchors. The tubular body comprises a framedefining a proximal diameter and a distal diameter. The tubular body hasa first structural configuration in which the proximal diameter issmaller than the distal diameter and a second structural configurationin which the proximal diameter is larger than the distal diameter. Theplurality of helical anchors are connected to the tubular body proximatethe distal diameter of the frame. Each of the plurality of helicalanchors is configured to be rotated by a plurality of rotatable driversthrough a series of holes in lower apices of the frame to advance theplurality of helical anchors distally relative to the frame andpenetrate the heart valve annulus.

In some embodiments, the implant further comprises an expandable tubularmember proximate a proximal end of the frame, wherein when force isapplied to the expandable member, the expandable member expands andengages the proximal end of the frame causing the frame to invert fromthe first structural configuration to the second structuralconfiguration. The expandable tubular member may be integral with theproximal end of the frame. The expandable tubular member may be astent-like member positioned internally of the frame proximate theproximal diameter of the frame. The implant may be configured to becontracted to a delivery configuration for transcatheter delivery of theimplant to the heart by a delivery system. The implant may furthercomprise an expandable tubular member coupled with a proximal end of theframe, wherein contracting the expandable tubular member fortranscatheter delivery causes the proximal diameter of the frame todecrease relative to an unconstrained state, which causes the distaldiameter of the frame to increase relative to the unconstrained statesuch that the proximal and distal diameters of the frame areapproximately the same when delivered. The implant may further compriseangled segments of the frame forming distal apices of the frameproximate the distal diameter, and the series of holes in each of thedistal apices may be sized and spaced to receive therethrough acorresponding helical anchor for rotational engagement of the distalapex by the corresponding helical anchor. The tubular body may beconfigured to transition from the first structural configuration to thesecond structural configuration by application of an expansive force tothe tubular body proximate the proximal diameter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and itsfeatures and advantages, reference is now made to the followingdescription, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

FIGS. 1A-1F illustrate an example embodiment of an implant in accordancewith the present disclosure;

FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate an alternative example embodiment of an implantin accordance with the present disclosure;

FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate a further alternative example embodiment of animplant in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate an additional example embodiment of an implant inaccordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates examples of delivery routes of an implant, inaccordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example embodiment of the present disclosureutilizing vibrations, in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative example embodiment of the presentdisclosure utilizing vibrations, in accordance with the presentdisclosure; and

FIG. 8 illustrates an additional example embodiment of the presentdisclosure utilizing vibrations, in accordance with the presentdisclosure.

FIGS. 9A-9B are perspective views of other embodiments of implantshaving rotatable helical anchors for securing the implants to a valveannulus.

FIG. 10-12 are perspective views of another embodiment of an implant,having an expandable tubular element, and configured to be secured to avalve annulus with helical anchors.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a delivery systemshown delivering an embodiment of the implant of FIGS. 10-12.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a delivery systemshown delivering the implant of FIG. 9A.

FIGS. 15A-15D are sequential views of an embodiment of a transcatheterdelivery system for delivering the implant of FIG. 9A showing anembodiment of a method for the delivery, positioning and anchoring ofthe implant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates to an implant including a tubular bodyand piercing members for reshaping a mitral valve suffering from mitralregurgitation. The implant may include two or more structuralconfigurations. In a first structural configuration, an upper, i.e.proximal, diameter (away from the mitral valve) may be smaller than alower, i.e. distal, diameter (proximate the mitral valve). In this firststructural configuration, the piercing members of the implant may engagethe tissue proximate the mitral valve, for example, the mitral valveannulus. The implant may then be transitioned from the first structuralconfiguration to a second structural configuration in which the size ofthe upper diameter is larger than the lower diameter. This may befacilitated by an expansive force causing the upper diameter to expand,in turn causing the lower diameter to contract. As the lower diametercontracts, the penetrating members engaged with the tissue proximate themitral valve may cause the mitral valve to also contract to a smallerdiameter. This may allow the valve leaflets to close properly,addressing mitral regurgitation.

FIGS. 1A-F illustrate one embodiment of an implant. For example, asshown in FIG. 1A, in some embodiments, repair of a mitral valve may beachieved by a catheter system and catheterization procedure, wherein acatheter may be configured for percutaneous access to the mitral valvethrough the left ventricle. Access may be granted to the left ventriclethrough the apex of the heart where an incision may be made to insert adilator and sheath 150 for access of a repair catheter 140. Sheath 150may measure about six French to about thirty French and a closure devicemay be used in conjunction with the entry of this access catheter 140.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, catheter 140 may include anextendable guide wire assembly 160, which may guide the system intoposition. Guide wire 160 may measure between 0.010 inches and 0.038inches in diameter, and may be 0.035 inches in diameter. Catheter 140 orsheath 150 when accessed through the apex of the heart may measure abouttwenty to thirty centimeters in length.

As shown in FIG. 1B, once access has been achieved, a delivery systemmay be introduced through sheath 150 along guide wire 160 with implant110 for reducing the diameter of the mitral valve annulus. Catheter 140may deliver implant 110 to resize the mitral valve to reduce the mitralvalve cross sectional area or move the posterior leaflet back intoposition limiting or reducing mitral valve regurgitation.

Implant 110 may include a tubular body with portions of the tube removedsimilar to a stent structure where a portion of the material may beremoved via laser cutting or other means to selectively cut portions ofthe tube away forming a radially-expandable tubular body. Implant 110may be introduced in a collapsed structural configuration. Thiscollapsed structural configuration may allow implant 110 to fit withinsheath 150 to allow for a percutaneous procedure rather than anopen-heart procedure. As shown in FIG. 1B, once implant 110 arrives inthe left atrium, implant 110 may be expanded to a larger firststructural configuration to engage tissue proximate the mitral valve,for example, the mitral valve annulus. In one embodiment, implant 110may have a tubular shape with a free diameter of about twenty five toabout thirty five millimeters in diameter, a height of about ten toabout thirty millimeters, and a wall thickness of between about 0.005inches and about 0.040 inches. Implant 110 may be constructed of ametallic material such as stainless steel, MP35N alloy, Nitinol or otherimplantable material.

In some embodiments, implant 110 may be tapered such that one end may belarger in diameter than the other end, appearing generally frustoconicalin shape. The diameters of the ends may be approximately twenty fivemillimeters on the smaller end and approximately thirty five millimeterson the larger end. Implant 110 may also be non-circular where a portionof the implant may be elliptical or include a radial portion that isflat. This flat portion may be oriented toward the aortic valve and thecircular portion may be positioned toward the posterior leaflet. Tofacilitate discussion of implant 110, an upper portion and lower portionmay be described. The lower portion may refer to the end of implant 110proximate mitral valve 170 while the upper portion may refer to the endof implant 110 free in the left atrium.

Implant 110 may include piercing members 115 proximate the lower portionof implant 110 proximate mitral valve 170 to engage with tissueproximate mitral valve 170, for example, the mitral valve annulus.Piercing members 115 may include barbs or hooks similar to fish hookbarbs or other similar feature to resist withdrawal from tissue oncepierced. Piercing members 115, barbs or hooks of the piercing members115, or any combination thereof may pierce the tissue to engage with thetissue. Piercing members 115 may include a singular barb or hook, or aplurality of barbs or hooks per piercing member 115. Piercing members115 may be immediately exposed or covered for delivery. They may numberfrom one to fifty and may have a length of about four to twentymillimeters in length. They may have the same wall thickness as a wallof the tubular body of implant 110 or may differ with an increased ordecreased thickness or taper in either direction to allow for mechanicalintegrity.

Piercing members 115 of implant 110 may be integral or attached toimplant 110 as a secondary component glued, welded, or attached as anancillary part. Piercing members 115 may also be laser cut into implant110, and therefore attached to implant 110. The barbs or hooks may befatigue resistant from fracture or separation from piercing members 115.For example, the barbs or hooks may have additional strength or wallthickness at the connection to piercing members 115. The barbs or hooksmay also be attached with a hinged attachment allowing motion relativeto the heart, but not longitudinally where the barbs or hooks mayseparate from piercing member 115.

The barbs or hooks of piercing member 115 may be active or passivemeaning that the barbs or hooks may be activated with heat to bend orexpose or mechanically formed through an external force to bend orexpose. For example, each barb or hook may be sheathed inside a tube andremoval of this tube may allow the barb or hook to be activated by, forexample, body heat or some other activation factor, such that the barbor hook is exposed so as to engage the surrounding tissue. In a passiveconfiguration, the barbs or hooks may be static in nature and eitheralways exposed or exposed as soon as a covering is removed. The barbs orhooks may be hidden until deployment limiting the exposure duringdelivery and positioning and only exposed once positioning is finalized.The exposure may be completed as individual barbs or as multiples ofbarbs. In some embodiments, the covering is thus only a temporarycovering.

As shown in FIG. 1B, in some embodiments, implant 110 may be positionedat the annulus of mitral valve 170 where the mitral valve hinge meetsthe left ventricle and the left atrium meets mitral valve 170.Positioning implant 110 at this location may be facilitated using alocation ring 120. For example, location ring 120 may be positionedwithin the left ventricle, under mitral valve 170. A catheter to deliverlocation ring 120 may be placed in the left ventricle via the sameaccess point through sheath 150. In some embodiments, a catheter 130 mayextend through the aorta to deliver and/or remove the location ring 120.The catheter 130 as shown may extend through the aorta and through theaortic valve, and enter the left ventricle. In some embodiments, thelocation ring 120 may be delivered and/or removed from the apical entrypoint, as mentioned, or from trans-aortic entry via a femoral entry. Insome embodiments, location ring 120 may comprise a metallic ring orcoiled section, which may be viewed via fluoroscopy or echo guidance toconfirm the location of location ring 120. This may allow confirmationof a positive location for implant 110 to be located with respect to themitral valve annulus. In addition to the use of a location ring, othermethods for determining a desired location to attach implant 110 maycould include echo guidance, CT, fluoroscopy or MRI other imagingtechniques to highlight the mitral valve hinge.

As shown in FIG. 1C, while in a first expanded structural configuration,and once a proper position has been achieved, implant 110 may have adownward force “A” applied to cause piercing members 115 to engage withand/or pierce the mitral valve annulus. This force may be applied by thedelivery system itself, or may be applied by a secondary catheter thatmay be introduced for engaging piercing members 115 with the tissueproximate mitral valve 170.

As shown in FIG. 1D, the location ring 120 may be used to locate therelative position of the implant 110 after anchoring the implant 110 tothe annulus. For example, the location ring 120 may comprise a metallicring or coiled section, which may be viewed via fluoroscopy or echoguidance to confirm the location of location ring 120 and implant 110.After confirmation of acceptable placement of the implant 110, or afterinversion of the implant 110 as described below, the location ring 120may then be removed. Thus, the location ring 120 may be temporary. Thelocation ring 120 may thus be separate from the implant 110 andconfigured to be located on a side of the heart valve opposite theimplant 110 to assist in positioning the implant 110. The location ring120 may be configured to be removed from the heart after the implant 110is positioned and the plurality of helical anchors penetrate the heartvalve annulus. The location ring 120 may be removed by the same deliverysystem by which it was inserted, for example the delivery system shownin FIGS. 1A-1F, the catheter 130, etc.

In some embodiments, location ring 120 may also act as an anchor forimplant 110. In such an embodiment, implant 110 above mitral valve 170(i.e. in the left atrium side of mitral valve 170) may attach tolocation ring 120 below mitral valve 170 (i.e. in the left ventricleside of mitral valve 170). For example, the hooks or barbs of piercingmembers 115 may engage with location ring 120. This may be accomplishedby a through suture, a barbed means, wrapping or clipping location ring120 to implant 110. Magnetic forces may also hold location ring 120 andimplant 110 together either temporarily or permanently. Alternatively,the hooks or barbs may also be attached to some other separate implantbelow mitral valve 170 in the left ventricle. This may be a wire, ring,or tee anchor to secure implant 110 to via wires, threads or mechanicalmeans to attach through the tissue median. For convenience, this implantbelow mitral valve 170 may be referred to as location ring 120, even ifnot used in locating implant 110 proximate mitral valve 170.

In some embodiments, the shape of location ring 120 may be a circularcross section measuring about 0.010 inches to about 0.090 inches indiameter and may encircle the mitral annulus. The shape may also benon-circular, oval, biased to one axis or multi-axis to accommodate themulti-plane shape of mitral valve 170, which is more saddle shaped. Itmay also have a variable stiffness in different sections to accommodatetighter bends in the placement of location ring 120. Location ring 120and or a delivery catheter may also be steerable to navigate the areaunder mitral valve 170 for ease of placement. Utilizing push pull wiresto compress or load portions of the catheter or location ring 120 topredictably bend and orient the catheter or location ring 120 may allowa user to access difficult anatomical features en route to and aroundmitral valve 170.

As shown in FIG. 1E, once piercing members 115 have engaged the tissueproximate mitral valve 170, for example, the mitral valve annulus, anexpansive force “B” may be applied to the upper portion of implant 110.By applying expansive force “B” to implant 110, a reactive reducingforce “C” may also be produced at the lower portion of implant 110. Asthe diameter of the lower portion is decreased from reactive reducingforce “C,” the diameter of mitral valve 170 is also reduced due to theattachment of implant 110 to the tissue around mitral valve 170. Forexample, once a sufficient reducing force “C” has been generated toreshape mitral valve 170 to a desired size, implant 110 may be left in afinal position in which the size change of mitral valve 170 may bemaintained. This may be a second structural configuration.

As shown in FIG. 1F, in some embodiments, piercing members 115 mayengage the tissue proximate mitral valve 170 but not engage locationring 120. In such an embodiment, the barbs or hooks of piercing members115 may bind, engage with, and/or resist withdrawal from tissueproximate mitral valve 170 in a manner sufficient to keep implant 110attached to the tissue proximate mitral valve 170. Additionally, thebinding, engaging, and/or resisting withdrawal may be sufficient todecrease the surface area of mitral valve 170 as expansive force “B” andreactive reducing force “C” are applied. In such an embodiment, locationring 120 may or may not be used to facilitate placing implant 110 at apositive location proximate mitral valve 170. In some embodiments, asdescribed, the location ring 120 may not couple with the implant 110 butmay be used to facilitate positioning of the implant 110, such as bytemporarily positioning the location ring 120, etc. A positive locationfor implant 110 may be one in which implant 110 is able to engage tissueproximate mitral valve 170 without impairing the function of mitralvalve 170 and further implant 110 may be used to decrease the surfacearea of mitral valve 170 as expansive force “B” and reactive reducingforce “C” are applied.

FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate an example of implant 110 in accordance with thepresent disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2A, implant 110 may be made of ametal and cut to form a mesh, a cage, or series of repeating units toallow variations in diameter. For example, implant 110 may include atubular body of repeating squares, diamonds, hexagons, or any othershape allowing a variation in diameter of implant 110. In firststructural configuration as shown in FIG. 2A, implant 110 may have thelarger diameter portion initially oriented toward mitral valve 170 (thelower portion with lower diameter 220) and the smaller diameter may beoriented in the left atrium (the upper portion with upper diameter 210).The upper portion may be in free space in the left atrium and have asmaller diameter ready to be expanded in this first structuralconfiguration.

The construction of implant 110 may include a tapered laser cut tubeexpanded to a predetermined diameter with wall thickness approximately0.005 inches to approximately 0.050 inches and a strut thickness ofapproximately 0.010 inches to approximately 0.070 inches and an expandeddiameter of approximately 1.00 inch. If the implant is tapered, thelarge diameter may measure about thirty five millimeters in diameter andthe smaller diameter may measure about twenty five millimeters indiameter. In the first structural configuration, the lower portion (i.e.the larger diameter section) may have penetrating members 115 to engagethe mitral annulus and hold implant 110 in position during annulsreduction and remain as a permanent implant.

As shown in FIG. 2B, downward force “A” may be applied to implant 110.In some embodiments, piercing members 115A-H may be driven to engage thetissue one at a time. For example, a linear force may drive the hooks orbarbs of piercing member 115A into the tissue by pushing at the top ofimplant 110 above piercing member 115A, thus transmitting a forcethrough to the piercing member 115A, driving it into the tissue. Thedelivery system or catheter applying the force may then be rotated andactuated again to engage another piercing member 115, for exampleadjacent piercing member 115B. Once piercing member 115B has beenengaged with the tissue, this may be repeated until all piercing members115 have been engaged with the tissue. Alternatively, in someembodiments, force “A” may be sufficient to engage multiple piercingmembers 115 at once, rather than engaging only a single piercing member115 at a time. In some embodiments, all of piercing members 115 may beengaged at once.

As shown in FIG. 2C, implant 110 may be in a first structuralconfiguration in which upper diameter 210 may be smaller than lowerdiameter 220. An expansive force “B” may be applied to the upper portionof implant 110. As the expansive force “B” is applied such that theupper diameter 210 is increased, the lower diameter 220 may be decreaseddue to a reactive reductive force “C” which is generated. A wall of thetubular body of implant 110 may act as a beam in deflection where theupper portion of implant 110, when deflected (e.g. expanded), may causethe lower portion of implant 110 to bend (e.g. contract). This mayfacilitate the transition from this first structural configuration to asecond structural configuration. The lower diameter 220 may be proximatepiercing members 115, which are engaged with the mitral valve annulus.Thus, as lower diameter 220 becomes smaller, the diameter of mitralvalve 170 becomes smaller. The expansive force “B” may be applied viaballoon dilation, mechanical expansion or other means to increase upperdiameter 210, thus reducing lower diameter 220. This may effectivelyinvert implant 110's dimensions about axis 200, which may be referred toas an axis of inversion or axis of reflection. In some embodiments, thediameter of implant 110 at axis 200 may remain approximately uniform ina first structural configuration, transitioning between structuralconfigurations, and a second structural configuration. As shown in FIG.2D, the application of expansive force “B” and thus reactive reducingforce “C” may result in implant 110 with upper diameter 210 having alarger length and lower diameter 220 having a shorter length. This mayin turn reduce barb-engaged mitral valve 170 to a smaller annuluscross-sectional area, lessening the mitral regurgitation. The structuralconfiguration shown in FIG. 2B may be the second structuralconfiguration of implant 110 in which mitral valve 170 has been reducedin annulus cross-sectional area. Additionally, this second structuralconfiguration may be a final structural configuration that may maintainthe size change of mitral valve 170.

As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, an alternative method for applying anexpansive force to implant 310 may be the deployment of a ring 320within implant 310. FIG. 3A illustrates implant 310 in a firststructural configuration and FIG. 3B illustrates implant 310 in a secondstructural configuration. The ring 320 may be formed of a shape memorymaterial, such as nitinol. The ring 320 may be collapsed into a deliverycatheter for delivery therethrough to the heart and ejected into oraround the implant 310. In some embodiment, one or more releasabletethers may be attached to the ring 320. The releasable tethers may bepulled on to move the ring 320 and to release the tethers from the ring320 after the ring 320 is in the desired location.

In some embodiments, a fixed ring 320 may be utilized. Fixed ring 320may be moved vertically to expand the upper portion to increase upper,i.e. proximal, diameter 330, thus causing the lower portion to reducelower, i.e. distal, diameter 340 along with the engaged tissue andmitral valve. For example, upward force “D” may be applied to ring 320.However, because of the frustoconical shape of implant 310, the upwardforce “D” may be translated to an expansive lateral force causing anincrease in upper diameter 330. Ring 320 may lock into implant 310 by aninterference fit or a mechanical stop built in ring 320 or implant 310,and may maintain implant 310 in the second structural configuration. Insome embodiments, the fixed ring 320 may have a smaller diameter andinitially be located at or near the upper diameter 330, thus restrainingthe upper diameter 330 and causing and/or maintaining the firststructural configuration of the implant 310 shown in FIG. 3A. The fixedring 320 may then be moved vertically downward as oriented toward thelower diameter 340, thereby allowing the upper diameter 330 to expandand increase in size and causing the lower diameter 340 to contract andreduce in size. The fixed ring 320 may then be located at or near thelower diameter 340 to cause and/or maintain the second structuralconfiguration of the implant 310 shown in FIG. 3B.

Alternatively, an expandable ring 320 may be used rather than a fixedring. Expandable ring 320 may be positioned within implant 310 and maybe delivered and expanded by a catheter, for example using hydraulic ormechanical force to expand ring 320. Ring 320 may be introduced intoimplant 310's inner diameter where ring 320 may be tilted to allow formanipulation or positioning. Alternatively, ring 320 may be placed at adefined vertical position in implant 310 and ring 320 may be expanded,for example with mechanical or hydraulic force or an extension of theradial dimension. Ring 320 may also serve as a locking mechanism forimplant 310 once the second structural configuration or the finalposition has been reached. The expansion and/or locking of ring 320 maybe reversible in nature, thus undoing the expansion of the upperportion. Ring 320 may lock into implant 310, for example by aninterference fit or a mechanical stop built in ring 320 and/or implant310.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate an additional embodiment of an implant 410for reshaping mitral valve 170. FIG. 4A illustrates implant 410 in afirst structural configuration and FIG. 4B illustrates implant 410 in asecond structural configuration. As shown in FIG. 4A, in someembodiments, implant 410 may include one or more support beams 420 (forexample, support beams 420A and 420B). Support beams 420 may facilitatethe transition of expansive force “B” to the reductive force “C.” Forexample, support beam 420 may operate as a beam in deflection about axis450. Thus, as expansive force “B” is applied to the upper portion ofimplant 410, beams 420A and 420B may act as levers with axis 450 as thefulcrum or point of rotation, causing reductive force “C” to reducelower diameter 440. As expansive force “B” is applied to increase upperdiameter 430 and decrease lower diameter 440, implant 410 may transitionfrom a first structural configuration shown in FIG. 4A to a secondstructural configuration shown in FIG. 4B. As described above, this mayreduce the cross-sectional area of mitral valve 170.

Support beams 420A and 420B may be integrally formed with implant 410,for example, as a thicker portion of a wall of the tubular body ofimplant 410, or a specific alignment of repeating units or elements ofthe structure of the wall of the tubular body. Alternatively, supportbeams 420A and 420B may be an additional support component added toimplant 410. For example, they may be glued, welded, or otherwisepermanently affixed to implant 410.

As shown in FIG. 5, in addition to access to mitral valve 170 throughthe apex of the heart as shown by 510, access to mitral valve 170 mayalso be gained via the femoral artery as shown by 530, or via thefemoral artery and through the aortic valve (for example, as describedabove with respect to delivery/removal of the location ring 120 throughthe aortic valve) or through the venous system and then via trans-septalpuncture directly into the left atrium as shown by 520. When accessedvia the femoral artery or trans-septally, a delivery catheter maymeasure about ninety to one hundred and fifty centimeters in length. Theend of the catheter may be deflectable via deflection wires creatingtension of bias to allow adjustments due to anatomical variations.

As shown in FIG. 6, vibration may be applied directly to penetratingmembers 115 to facilitate the barbs or hooks and/or penetrating members115 penetrating the tissue. Low frequency vibration, ultrasonic, orRadio Frequency energy may allow a lower insertion force compared to thebarb or hook's and/or penetrating members' normal penetration force.Coupling this energy source to implant 110 may allow transmission ofsmall vibrations 620 to the tip of each barb or hook and/or penetratingmember 115. Alternatively, each barb or hook and/or penetrating member115 may have its own independent energy source allowing a variablepattern of frequency or energy around implant 110. Direct tissue contactof the energy element or a coupling to implant 110 may be used but theremay be a decrease in efficiency by coupling vibration 620 thereto. Thefrequency of vibration 620 may be about ten to one hundred Hz (cyclesper second) or may be about twenty Hz.

As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, to aid in the engagement of the penetratingmembers 115, additional energy may be added to vibrate the tissuesurrounding or below mitral valve 170. For example, as shown in FIG. 7,vibration pads 710A and 710B may deliver vibration 620 to thesurrounding tissue near the barbs or hooks of penetrating members 115.Pads 710A and 710B may be used to vibrate the tissue near the barbinsertion site. Pads 710A and 710B may be completely separate fromimplant 110 or may be connected to the same delivery system. A separatecontrol for linear and radial motion of pads 710A and 710B may beprovided to control the location to provide precise delivery ofvibration 620.

As shown in FIG. 8, vibration pads 810A and 810B may also be locatedbelow mitral valve 170. This may still provide vibration 620 tofacilitate the engagement of barbs or hooks of penetrating members 115with tissue proximate mitral valve 170. As with the embodiment of FIG.7, vibration pads 810A and 810B may be completely separate from implant110 or may be connected to the same delivery system. A separate controlfor linear and radial motion of pads 810A and 810B may be provided tocontrol the location to provide precise delivery of vibration 620.

Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of aboutthree kHz to three hundred GHz, which corresponds to the frequency ofradio waves, and the alternating currents, which carry radio signals. RFusually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations. Belowis a chart of common nomenclature for different frequency ranges. Therange utilized for barb penetration may be somewhere between ELF and HFas the goal is small vibration and not heating of the tissue. Possibleuser range selection would allow for different tissue types anddensities.

TABLE 1 Frequency Wavelength Designation Abbreviation 3-30 Hz 10⁵-10⁴ kmExtremely low ELF frequency 30-300 Hz 10⁴-10³ km Super low frequency SLF300-3000 Hz 10³-100 km Ultra low frequency ULF 3-30 kHz 100-10 km Verylow frequency VLF 30-300 kHz 10-1 km Low frequency LF 300 kHz-3 MHz 1km-100 m Medium frequency MF 3-30 MHz 100-10 m High frequency HF 30-300MHz 10-1 m Very high frequency VHF 300 MHz-3 GHz 1 m-10 cm Ultra highfrequency UHF 3-30 GHz 10-1 cm Super high SHF frequency 30-300 GHz 1cm-1 mm Extremely high EHF frequency 300 GHz-3000 GHz 1 mm-0.1 mmTremendously high THF frequency

Vibration to enhance tissue penetration by the anchor may be deliveredfrom a vibration source to tissue adjacent the penetration site, such asby the vibration pads discussed above. The vibration source may beembedded in the pad or other vibration interface at the distal end of anelongate control element such as a wire or tube. Alternatively, thevibration source may be located in a proximal manifold and propagatevibrational energy distally through an elongate wire or tube extendingthrough the catheter body. The vibration source can alternatively becoupled in vibration propagating communication with either the implantframe or with each individual anchor directly, such as through theanchor driver, depending upon desired performance.

FIG. 9A depicts another embodiment of an implant 910. The implant 910may have the same or similar features and/or functionalities as otherimplants described herein, and vice versa, except as otherwisedescribed. Implant 910 comprises a frame 920, piercing members oranchors 930, and may include an expandable member 940. The frame 920 hasa free or unconstrained state or, otherwise stated, nominalconfiguration as shown in FIG. 9A. The frame 920 may be made of a nickeltitanium alloy, i.e. nitinol, or other shape memory alloy or metal. Theframe 920 may be a dissimilar material as that of the expandable member940. The frame 920 may be tubular with a wall circumferentially defininga central axis. The frame 920 may include angled segments as shown,and/or other segments, configurations, etc. The frame 920 as shown maybe sinusoidally shaped, although its architecture could be of a diamondlattice or hexagonal lattice, for example. The frame 920 or portionsthereof may incline radially outward with respect to the axis and/orwith respect to the expandable member 940. The frame 920 may pivot aboutpivot joints located at or near interfaces with the expandable member940. In some embodiments, fixed attachments are located at one or moreof the joints between the frame 920 and the expandable member 940, forexample at the interfaces of abutting apices of the frame 920 and theexpandable member 940.

Anchors 930 may be metallic helical members. The anchors 930 maythreadingly engage with the lower, i.e. distal, apices of frame 920. Theanchors 930 may wind through a series of holes through holes drilled inthe distal ends or distal apices of frame 920 (more clearly indicated byreference numerals 1050 in FIGS. 10, 11 and 12). The frame 920 mayinclude a series of distal apices formed by the frame 920 proximate thedistal diameter. A series of holes in each of the distal apices may besized and spaced to receive therethrough a corresponding helical anchor930 for rotational engagement of the distal apex by the correspondinghelical anchor 930. The holes may be the same or similar to holes 1050described for example with respect to FIG. 10. The anchors 930 may beadvanced distally, and in some embodiments retracted proximally, in arotational or corkscrew type manner. The anchors 930 may extend distallyrelative to the frame 920. For example, as the anchors 930 are rotated,the anchors 930 may move in the distal direction while the frame 920 isstationary. In some embodiments, the frame 920 may move distally whilethe anchors 930 move farther distally relative to the frame 920. Thus,the frame 920 may be located in the preferred position and the anchors930 may then be moved distally to secure into heart tissue while theframe 920 remains axially stationary or approximately axiallystationary. This allows for better accuracy with positioning of theimplant 910 because there is less movement of the frame 920 while theanchors 930 are being secured to heart tissue. Further, the anchors 930engage the frame 920, as described, for example through the series ofholes in distal apices of the frame 920. This allows for a secureattachment between the anchors 930 and the frame 920 without the needfor additional structure or features. The arrangement of the holes andthe corresponding receiving of the anchor 930 therethrough in each apexallows for an axially secure engagement of the anchor 930 and the frame920 while still allowing for movement of the anchor 930 by driving itwith the driver 952. By axially secure it is meant that the anchor 930will not move axially relative to the frame 920 in the absence ofsufficient rotational force acting on the anchor 930, such that theanchor 930 and frame 920 are rotationally secured together after removalof the rotational force from the driver 952 thereby impeding furtheraxial movement of the anchor 930 relative to the frame 920. Theconfiguration of the series of holes in the frame 920 and the helicalshape of the anchors 930 allows for such advantages. In FIG. 9A, theanchors 930 are shown extended distally, for example in the final stageof deployment into cardiac tissue proximate the mitral annulus. Themitral annulus is that region of transition from the left atrium to theleft ventricle and proximate and above the area where the leaflets ofmitral valve 170 (see FIG. 5) hinge from the left ventricle.

The implant 910 may include the expandable portion or member 940. Theexpandable member 940 may be stent-like. The expandable member 940 maybe tubular with a wall circumferentially defining a central axis. Theexpandable member 940 may include angled segments as shown, and/or othersegments, configurations, etc. While shown in the shape of a sinusoid,the expandable member 940 may otherwise have a diamond lattice orhexagonal lattice architecture, for example. The expandable member 940may be a dissimilar material as that of the frame 920. The expandablemember 940 may be made of metallic alloys such as stainless steel,cobalt chromium, platinum iridium and the like. The expandable member940 may be collapsed or crimped for insertion into a delivery system andforcibly expanded, so as to undergo plastic deformation, to invert theframe 920. As shown in FIG. 9A, expandable member 940 may be integralwith frame 920, for example a unified, monolithic portion or region ofthe frame 920. In some embodiments, the expandable member 940 is fixedlyattached to frame 920 by bonding, welding, sutures, metallic bandscrimped on to each structure, or otherwise connected in a fixedrelationship to frame 920. In some embodiments, the expandable member940 can have other coupling interactions with the frame 920, such as afriction fit, expansive force keeping the frame 920 secured with theexpandable member 940, etc.

Implant 910 is loaded into the distal end of a delivery system (notshown), by compressing or collapsing the frame 920. Anchors 930 would beinitially retracted for loading and delivery. Once positioned in adesired location proximate the mitral valve annulus, frame 920 isadvanced out of the delivery system and its distal apices are abutted tothe target heart tissue for anchor placement. The helical anchors arethen advance, by rotation thereof, into the target cardiac tissuethereby anchoring implant 910 into the region of the mitral valveannulus. Implant 910 is then fully released from the delivery system.

After implant 910 is fully released from the delivery system, expandablemember 940 is then forcibly expanded, such as by a dilatation balloon,causing frame 920 to invert. Inversion of frame 920 causes the anchorbearing distal end of frame 920 to taper or contract, causing the mitralvalve annulus to reduce in size thus limiting the mitral valveregurgitation.

FIG. 9B is another embodiment of an implant 912. The implant 912 mayhave the same or similar features and/or functionalities as the implant910, and vice versa, except as otherwise noted. The implant 912comprises the expandable member 940 and piercing members or anchors 930.A frame 922 extends circumferentially about a central longitudinal axis.The frame 922 is formed to have as its free or unconstrainedconfiguration somewhat opposite to that of the frame 920 of the implant910. For example, as shown the lower, distal end as oriented, the endengaging anchors 930, may be smaller in diameter than the oppositeupper, proximal end of the frame 922. The frame 922 may thereforeincline radially inward relative to the central axis and/or relative tothe expandable member 940. The frame 922 and the expandable member 940may be formed of dissimilar materials. The frame 922 may be formed ofsimilar materials as the frame 920 described with respect to FIG. 9A.

To perform the procedure of influencing the size of the mitral annulus,for example for treating the patient's mitral regurgitation, theexpandable member 940 and the larger, proximal end of frame 922 arecompressed or crimped and loaded into the distal end of a deliverysystem (not shown). This action also causes the distal or narrower endof frame 930 to invert. Such inversion must be restrained for loadinginto the delivery system.

Once positioned in the desired location proximate the heart valveannulus, such as the mitral valve annulus, the frame 922 is advanced outfrom the distal end of the delivery system, inverting as it is no longerconstrained by the delivery system and expandable member 940 remains inthe crimped configuration. The distal ends or distal apices of frame 922are then positioned in abutting relationship to the target cardiactissue proximate the mitral valve annulus. Helical piercing members 930are then rotationally advanced into and in engagement with the targetheart tissue in a manner very similar to the helical screw of acorkscrew advancing through a cork. The expandable member 940 is thenexpelled from the delivery system and forcibly expanded, for example bydilatation balloon which balloon could be an integral component of thedelivery system. Expansion of the stent-like expandable member 940causes frame 922 to revert to its nominal or free state thereby causingits distal apices and helical anchors to become narrower in diameterreducing the size of the mitral annulus and limiting the degree orextent of mitral regurgitation.

FIGS. 10, 11 and 12 are various views of another embodiment of animplant 1010. In this embodiment, the implant 1010 has a frame 1020 andan expandable member 1040 that are not formed as an integral implant, asfor example in FIGS. 9A and 9B. Rather expandable member 1040 ispositioned within frame 1020 proximate the proximal end thereof. Frame1020 is made from a nickel titanium alloy, such as Nitinol, whereasexpandable member 1040 is preferably made of metallic alloys such asstainless steel, cobalt chromium, platinum iridium and the like.

FIG. 10 shows frame 1020 in its free or unconstrained state withexpandable member 1040 crimped and positioned within frame 1020. One ormore holes 1050 are pre-drilled in the distal ends or apices of frame1020 and oriented to accommodate the pitch of helical anchors (not shownfor clarity) such as the anchors 930 of FIGS. 9A and 9B. The anchors 930may be rotated through the holes 1050 to advance the anchors 930distally, i.e. downward as oriented in the figure. In some embodiments,the anchors 930 may be rotated in the opposite direction through theholes 1050 to retract the anchors 930 in the opposite, proximaldirection. FIG. 11 shows the frame 1020 in a constrained configurationand implant 1010 ready for loading into the distal end of a deliverysystem (not shown). FIG. 12 shows implant 1010 in what would be itsdeployed configuration. While expandable member 1040 is shown to have adiamond like lattice configuration, it is contemplated that it may alsotake the form of a sinusoid or a hexagonal configuration.

Delivery of implant 1010 may be conducted in similar respect to theembodiment of FIG. 9A. More specifically, implant 1010 is loaded intothe distal end of a delivery system (not shown), by compressing orcollapsing frame 1020 as shown in FIG. 11. Once positioned in a desiredlocation proximate the mitral valve annulus, frame 1020 is advanced outof the delivery system and its distal apices are abutted to the targetheart tissue for anchor placement. The helical anchors (not shown) arethen advance, by rotation thereof, into the target cardiac tissuethereby anchoring implant 1010 into the region of the mitral valveannulus. Implant 1010 is then fully released from the delivery system.

After implant 1010 is fully released from the delivery system,expandable member 1040 is then forcibly expanded, such as by adilatation balloon, causing frame 1020 to invert as shown in FIG. 12.Inversion of frame 1020 causes the anchor bearing distal end of frame1020 to taper or contract, causing the mitral valve annulus to reduce insize thus limiting the mitral valve regurgitation.

FIG. 13 shows an exemplary steerable delivery system 950, including forexample a catheter or catheter lumen, suitable for delivery of thevarious implant embodiments described herein. FIG. 13 depicts anembodiment of the implant 1010 of FIGS. 10-12, but it is understood thatthe delivery system 950 can be used to delivery other implants,including but limited to the implant 912 of FIG. 9B and the implant 910of FIG. 9A, the latter of which is further shown in and described withrespect to FIG. 14. For example, a similar delivery system 950 may beused for the implant 912 embodied in FIG. 9B. For brevity and since theexpandable members are different between the aforementioned embodiments,the expandable members 1040 are not shown in FIG. 13.

The delivery system 950 may include a tube or tube-like structure havingone or more lumens extending therethrough. For instance, the deliverysystem 950 may include an elongated tube or delivery catheter having oneor more openings, i.e. lumens, extending therethrough and configured toreceive therein, or having therein, corresponding features of thedelivery system 950, including but not limited to the guide wire 160,the catheter 140, one or more of the drivers 952, and the intracardiacecho catheter 960. In some embodiments, the delivery system 950 includesa delivery catheter having a lumen to guide the delivery catheter overthe guide wire, another lumen or lumens that include(s) the rotatabledrivers 952, the implant 912 in a constrained delivery configurationlocated at a distal end of the delivery catheter, and a sheath coveringthe distal end of the catheter. Delivery system 950 is advancedtransfemorally, either through the femoral vein and transeptally to theleft atrium or through the femoral artery up through the aortic arch andthen passed the aortic and mitral valves into the left atrium. Oncepositioned above mitral annulus and proximate the target heart tissue,the implant is partially released, releasing the frame portion 920,1020. Frame 920, 1020 is now unconstrained and able to return to itsnominal or free state as shown in FIG. 13.

Helical piercing members 930 are then rotationally advanced into thetarget cardiac tissue, anchoring the implant to the interior heart wallabove the mitral annulus. The implant and expandable member 940, 1040 isthen released from delivery system 950. At such time, the stent likemember 940, 1040 is forcibly expanded causing the frame 920, 1020 toinvert. The distal end of apices and helical anchors 930 are thencinched inwardly reducing the diameter of the distal end of frame 920,1020 causing a corresponding reduction in the size of the mitralannulus. This reduction in size of the mitral annulus, allows the mitralvalve leaflets to better, if not completely, coapt reducing the severityof the patient's mitral regurgitation.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, an intracardiac echocatheter 960 is incorporated in delivery system 950. Catheter 960 couldbe included in a lumen of delivery system 950, either internally asshown, or alongside implant delivery system 950. By rotating catheter960 within the left atrium and proximate the mitral valve annulus, therelative position of the implant with respect to the mitral valveleaflets can be determined. This allows for accurate positioning ofhelical anchors 930 into the target heart tissue proximate the mitralannulus without piercing the mitral valve leaflets.

FIG. 14 depicts the steerable delivery system 950 being used to deliverthe implant 910 of FIG. 9A. The description of the delivery system 950above with respect to FIG. 13 applies to use of the system 950 with theimplant 910, and vice versa, except as otherwise noted. As shown in FIG.14, the implant 910 thus includes the frame 920 and expandable member940, shown as integral with the frame 920. In some embodiments, theimplant 910 may only include the frame 920. The delivery system 950 mayor may not include the intracardiac echo catheter 960, as describedabove.

As shown in FIG. 14, a plurality of rotational drivers 952 extends outthrough a distal opening of a lumen of the delivery catheter and/orsheath of the delivery system 950. Each driver 952 may extend through acorresponding lumen of the delivery system 950. In some embodiments,more than one or all of the drivers 952 may extend through the samelumen of the delivery system 950. A guide wire, such as the guide wire160, may also be incorporated into the delivery system 950, and mayextend through a lumen of the delivery system 950.

The drivers 952, only some of which are labelled for clarity, are eachengaged with a corresponding rotational anchor 930. The drivers 952 maybe pre-engaged with the anchors 930 within the delivery catheter of thedelivery system 950 before insertion of the distal end of the deliverysystem 950 into the atrium. The drivers 962 may be mechanically engagedwith the anchors 930 in a variety of suitable approaches. For example,the drivers 962 may have a clevis type fitting as shown configured tosurround the proximal end of the anchors 930. The drivers 952 may extendover, on, under, etc. the proximal ends of the anchors 930 and then berotated to transmit rotation to the anchors 930. In some embodiments,the anchors 930 may have recesses or other tool-receiving portionsengaged by the drivers 952 such that rotation of the drivers 952 istransmitted to the anchors 930. In some embodiments, the drivers 952 mayinclude socket type fittings that surround the anchors 930. In someembodiments, the anchors 930 may have internally-threaded blind holesthrough which corresponding externally-threaded members of the drivers952 are received. These are merely some examples of how the drivers 952may be engaged with the anchors 930, and other suitable approaches maybe implemented. With the implant 910 in position for anchoring to theannulus, a proximal end of the drivers 962 may be manipulated by theuser, for example rotated by the surgeon, to rotate the anchors 930 andthereby advance the anchors 930 into heart tissue, as described herein,to secure the implant 910 with the heart tissue. Each driver 952 may beactuated simultaneously, some may be actuated simultaneously, or theymay be actuated sequentially. The anchors 930 may extend distallyrelative to the frame, as described herein.

FIGS. 15A-15D show sequential views of an embodiment of a transcatheterdelivery system for delivering the implant 910 showing an embodiment ofa method for the delivery, positioning and anchoring of the implant 910for resizing the native valve annulus. The various delivery systems asdescribed herein may be used. As shown, the delivery system may includethe sheath 150, the catheter 140 and the guide wire 160. The sheath 150,the catheter 140, the guide wire 160 and the implant 910 are configuredfor transcatheter delivery of the implant 910 to the heart. The implant910 may be delivered by the delivery system percutaneously by catheterthrough an opening in the femoral vein. The implant 910 may be advancedthrough the femoral vein into the vena cava and into the right atrium.The distal ends of the sheath 150, catheter 140, and guide wire 160 areconfigured to extend through the opening in the femoral vein, throughthe femoral vein and into the right atrium of the heart, and through theseptum of the heart into the left atrium.

As shown in FIG. 15A, the guidewire 160 may be advanced through theseptum separating the upper chambers of the heart and the sheath 150 andcatheter 140 may be advanced to that position along the guide wire 140.The distal end of the catheter 140 is advanced to a position above theheart valve annulus, for example, the mitral valve annulus, as shown inFIG. 15B. FIG. 15C shows the implant 910 expelled from the distal end ofthe sheath 150 above and proximate to the mitral valve annulus. In someembodiments, a series of images may be taken, for example with anintracardiac echo catheter, to properly position the anchors 930 forinsertion into the mitral valve annulus tissue. As shown in FIGS. 15Cand 15D, the anchors 930 may be rotationally engaged by rotationaldrivers of the delivery system, such as the drivers 952 describedherein, for rotation and distal advancement of the anchors 930 into theheart valve annulus. In some embodiments, a circumferential image may becaptured to confirm that all anchors 930 are appropriately placed andanchored in the mitral valve annulus tissue above the mitral valveleaflets. If one or more anchors 930 are not positioned or anchoredproperly, the drivers 952 may reverse the direction of rotation torotationally retract the anchors in the proximal direction. The anchors930 can then be repositioned and re-anchored prior to removal of thedrivers 952.

Though a particular path of transcatheter delivery is described withrespect to FIGS. 15A-15D, a variety of other delivery paths andapproaches may be employed, including but not limited to the paths shownand described with respect to FIGS. 1A-1F, trans-apical delivery, etc.In addition, any of the features and/or functionalities of the deliverysystem and associated methods described with respect to FIGS. 1A-1F maybe incorporated with respect to the delivery system and methodsdescribed with respect to FIGS. 15A-15D, and vice versa. Therefore, forexample, with regard to the delivery system and methods described withrespect to FIGS. 15A-15D, the implant 910 may “invert” as describedherein, an expandable or fixed ring 320 may be utilized as described,the location ring 120 may be inserted below the valve, etc.

This disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations,alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments herein that aperson having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Similarly,where appropriate, the appended claims encompass all changes,substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the exampleembodiments herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art wouldcomprehend. Moreover, reference in the appended claims to an apparatusor system or a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to,arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, oroperative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus,system, component, whether or not it or that particular function isactivated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, orcomponent is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled,operable, or operative. For example, various embodiments may performall, some, or none of the steps described above. Various embodiments mayalso perform the functions described in various orders.

Although the present disclosure has been described above in connectionwith several embodiments; changes, substitutions, variations,alterations, transformations, and modifications may be suggested to oneskilled in the art, and it is intended that the present disclosureencompass such changes, substitutions, variations, alterations,transformations, and modifications as fall within the spirit and scopeof the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A delivery system for delivering an implantwithin the heart for reducing the size of a heart valve annulus, thedelivery system comprising: a plurality of rotatable drivers configuredto extend through one or more lumens of the delivery system; and theimplant configured for delivery within the heart by traveling throughthe one or more lumens of the delivery system, the implant comprising: atubular body comprising a frame defining a proximal diameter and adistal diameter, the tubular body having a first structuralconfiguration in which the proximal diameter is smaller than the distaldiameter and a second structural configuration in which the proximaldiameter is larger than the distal diameter; and a plurality of helicalanchors connected to the tubular body proximate the distal diameter ofthe frame, the plurality of helical anchors configured to be rotated bythe plurality of rotatable drivers to advance the plurality of helicalanchors distally relative to the frame and penetrate the heart valveannulus.
 2. The delivery system of claim 1, the implant furthercomprising: a series of distal apices formed by the frame proximate thedistal diameter; and a series of holes in each of the distal apices, theseries of holes sized and spaced to receive therethrough a correspondinghelical anchor for rotational engagement of the distal apex by thecorresponding helical anchor.
 3. The delivery system of claim 1, whereinthe plurality of rotatable drivers and the implant are configured fortranscatheter delivery of the implant to the heart.
 4. The deliverysystem of claim 1, further comprising a delivery catheter comprising theone or more lumens of the delivery system.
 5. The delivery system ofclaim 4, wherein a distal end of the delivery catheter is configured toadvance through an opening in the femoral vein, through the femoral veinand into the right atrium of the heart, and through the septum of theheart into the left atrium.
 6. The delivery system of claim 1, furthercomprising a location ring configured to be located on a side of theheart valve opposite the implant and to couple with the implant.
 7. Thedelivery system of claim 1, further comprising a location ring separatefrom the implant and configured to be located on a side of the heartvalve opposite the implant to assist in positioning the implant.
 8. Thedelivery system of claim 7, wherein the location ring is configured tobe removed from the heart after the implant is positioned and theplurality of helical anchors penetrate the heart valve annulus.
 9. Thedelivery system of claim 1, comprising one lumen configured to receivetherethrough an intracardiac echo catheter for visualizing a position ofthe implant relative to the mitral valve annulus.
 10. The deliverysystem of claim 9, further comprising the intracardiac echo catheter.11. The delivery system of claim 1, the implant further comprising anexpandable tubular member coupled with a proximal end of the frame andconfigured to expand to increase the proximal diameter of the frame. 12.The delivery system of claim 11, wherein the expandable tubular memberis integral with the frame.
 13. An implant for reducing the size of aheart valve annulus, the implant comprising: a tubular body comprising aframe defining a proximal diameter and a distal diameter, the tubularbody having a first structural configuration in which the proximaldiameter is smaller than the distal diameter and a second structuralconfiguration in which the proximal diameter is larger than the distaldiameter; and a plurality of helical anchors connected to the tubularbody proximate the distal diameter of the frame, the plurality ofhelical anchors configured to be rotated by a plurality of rotatabledrivers through a series of holes in lower apices of the frame toadvance the plurality of helical anchors distally relative to the frameand penetrate the heart valve annulus.
 14. The implant of claim 13,further comprising an expandable tubular member proximate a proximal endof the frame, wherein when force is applied to the expandable member,the expandable member expands and engages the proximal end of the framecausing the frame to invert from the first structural configuration tothe second structural configuration.
 15. The implant of claim 14,wherein the expandable tubular member is integral with the proximal endof the frame.
 16. The implant of claim 14, wherein the expandabletubular member is a stent-like member positioned internally of the frameproximate the proximal diameter of the frame.
 17. The implant of claim13, wherein the implant is configured to be contracted to a deliveryconfiguration for transcatheter delivery of the implant to the heart bya delivery system.
 18. The implant of claim 17, further comprising anexpandable tubular member coupled with a proximal end of the frame,wherein contracting the expandable tubular member for transcatheterdelivery causes the proximal diameter of the frame to decrease relativeto an unconstrained state, which causes the distal diameter of the frameto increase relative to the unconstrained state such that the proximaland distal diameters of the frame are approximately the same whendelivered.
 19. The implant of claim 13, further comprising: angledsegments of the frame forming distal apices of the frame proximate thedistal diameter; and the series of holes in each of the distal apicessized and spaced to receive therethrough a corresponding helical anchorfor rotational engagement of the distal apex by the correspondinghelical anchor.
 20. The implant of claim 13, wherein the tubular body isconfigured to transition from the first structural configuration to thesecond structural configuration by application of an expansive force tothe tubular body proximate the proximal diameter.